The rink has usually a polished wooden surface, but any flat, non-abrasive and non-slippery material such as treated cement is acceptable. Its length may vary from 36 to 44 meters and width from 18 to 22 meters. The rink has rounded corners (1m radius) and is surrounded by a 1m wall. The wall also has a wooden base 2cm wide and at least 20cm high.
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Behind the goals there is a net, even if there are no stands. If the ball hits the net, it's considered to be out of bounds. The markings are simple. The halfway line divides the rink into halves, and 22 m from the end wall an "anti-play" line is painted. The area is a 9 X 5.40m rectangle, placed from 2.7 to 3.3m ahead of the end table. It has a protection area for goalkeepers, a half-circle with 1.5m radius. The goal (usually painted red) is 105cm high by 170cm wide. Inside the goal there is a thick net and a bar close to ground to trap the ball inside (before, two extra referees stayed behind the goal to judge goal decisions). The goal is 92cm deep and is not attached to the ground, but is extremely heavy to prevent movement.
Ice is fundamental to the sport. A smooth ice surface permits the players to skate and maneuver more rapidly, and the puck travels with more consistency on the surface. In the games played under the jurisdiction of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), the ice surface is an oval shape, 200 ft (60 m) long and 100 ft (30 m) wide. In North America generally, and in all National Hockey League arenas, the ice surface is 85 ft (25 m) wide. The outdoor rinks of early ice hockey have not entirely disappeared; in parts of northern Canada and the United States and throughout Scandinavia and Russia, where the winters are very cold, many communities enjoy outdoor hockey. However, natural ice is the most common surface for play; it is produced in modern arenas equipped with sophisticated ice-making facilities. The best known element to the maintenance of artificial ice is the Zamboni machine, the invention of Frank Zamboni (1901-1988), who had sought a more efficient means to resurface the ice in his southern California skating rinks that he built in the 1940s. Zamboni machines, or a variant, are used in almost every ice hockey rink in the world.
The wooden barriers erected around natural ice surfaces for early hockey games gave the modern feature their name, the boards. Modern rink boards are no longer made of wood, but are a composite plastic construction to ensure truer bounces of the puck when deflected or shot into their surface. The boards are constructed in sections that have a degree of flexion built in; these sections are also designed to absorb some of the forces generated when a player is checked into them; in earlier times, the fixed boards were a significant cause of injury on a body check, as all the forces of the check were absorbed by the recipient player.
The boards circle the entire ice surface, and the boards themselves are topped with a Plexiglas or a similar plastic composite surface, referred to throughout the hockey world as "the glass." The boards and the glass together form a barrier 8 ft (2.5 m) high through the straight portions of the rink oval, and the glass rises to a height of approximately 15 ft (5 m) at each end behind the goals. In many rinks, there is a further netting constructed above the glass to keep errant pucks from being sent into the spectator seating. Notwithstanding the presence of the glass and netting, most hockey rinks have signs erected warning spectators of the dangers inherent in the flying pucks.
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